Cancer in older adults, especially those occurring in individuals aged 65 years or older, presents unique considerations. And while the risk of cancers increases with age, the suitability of cancer treatments, like chemotherapy, surgery or radiation therapy, must be carefully evaluated based on older adults' health, fitness and psychosocial circumstances.
在本篇博客中,我们将深入探讨老年人的癌症及其治疗方案,解答相关疑虑,并提供见解,以帮助您做出明智的决策。
近年来一个显著的趋势是预期寿命的延长,这得益于医疗保健领域的进步、生活条件的改善以及医疗服务的普及。虽然这无疑是个好消息,但也凸显了人口老龄化带来的挑战,其中包括癌症发病率的上升。
随着年龄的增长,患癌的风险也会随之增加。鉴于媒体经常聚焦于年轻人群中的癌症问题,这一事实可能会让许多人感到意外。然而,年轻人群中确诊癌症的情况其实要少得多。
事实上,根据《2021年新加坡癌症登记处年度报告》,过去几十年间,癌症确诊情况发生了显著变化。从1968-1972年到2017-2021年,年轻群体的癌症确诊率明显下降,而老年群体的确诊率则显著上升。 具体而言,70岁及以上人群的癌症确诊比例从16.3%上升至39.2%,翻了一番。此外,确诊时的中位年龄也从58.7岁上升至66.4岁。
这种变化在最常见癌症的发病模式中有所体现。例如:
这种人口结构的变化对医疗体系具有重要影响。它凸显了需要更加重视老年肿瘤学,并制定能够满足老年人独特需求和具体情况的个性化治疗方案。
As individuals age, their risk of developing cancer increases due to various factors, such as cumulative exposure to environmental toxins, genetic predisposition, and age-related changes in the body's cells.
一般而言,衰老过程会自然导致细胞损伤的积累。这种损伤通常源于正常的代谢过程,或来自外部因素,例如烟草烟雾、过量饮酒以及紫外线辐射。
我们的身体通常擅长修复细胞损伤或触发受损细胞的自毁。然而,随着时间的推移和年龄的增长,这些修复机制的效率会逐渐下降。如果细胞损伤持续存在,这些细胞可能会开始出现异常行为,有时甚至会导致癌症。而且,我们的细胞暴露于内外风险因素的时间越长,遭受严重损伤的可能性就越大,这使得随着年龄增长,患癌的风险也随之增加。
虽然不同年龄组的癌症治疗策略在总体上是一致的,主要取决于癌症的类型和分期,但老年患者面临着与年轻患者不同的特殊挑战和需求。因此,在制定癌症治疗方案时,必须结合老年患者的整体健康状况、现有合并症及生活状况,为其量身定制治疗方案。
与年龄相关的因素可能会对治疗决策产生重大影响。老年人对某些癌症治疗(如化疗)的耐受性可能较低,且应对疾病及治疗相关并发症的机体储备能力也较弱。
他们往往患有多种健康问题,存在功能障碍,且在交通、社会支持和经济资源方面面临不同程度的困难。如何平衡生活质量与预期寿命,已成为老年人及其照护者必须重点考虑的问题。 与年轻人相比,老年人患癌的风险高出11倍,且约60%的癌症患者年龄在65岁及以上,因此,深入了解如何合理运用各类癌症治疗手段于老年人群中至关重要。
癌症治疗涵盖多种方法,从化疗和放疗等传统疗法,到靶向治疗和免疫治疗等其他方法。
Chemotherapy is a common cancer treatment that uses drugs to eliminate cancer cells. It can be given orally or through the veins, targeting cancer cells throughout the body. Depending on the stage and type of cancer, chemotherapy may be used alone or in combination with surgery or radiation therapy. In older adults with cancer, the decision to undergo chemotherapy takes into account the patient's overall health, functional status, and specific cancer characteristics.
老年人往往存在其他可能影响其整体健康状况的因素。因此,在评估老年人是否适合接受化疗时,应仔细考虑以下若干特殊因素,例如:
放射治疗利用高能射线来杀死癌细胞。它可以单独使用,也可以与手术或化疗等其他治疗方法联合使用。
For older adults, radiation therapy is often an option due to its non-invasive nature and minimal impact on the body as a whole. However, it's essential to consider potential side effects and discuss them with your doctor. Factors to consider include managing any existing health conditions, the demands of the treatment schedule, and ensuring adequate support to maintain independence.
靶向治疗利用药物或其他物质,有针对性地锁定并攻击癌细胞,同时尽量减少对健康细胞的损害。这种疗法既可以单独使用,也可以与其他治疗方法(如化疗、手术或放疗)联合使用。
虽然靶向治疗对老年人来说通常是安全且有效的,但为了确保最佳疗效,可能需要调整剂量。
Immunotherapy harnesses the body's own immune system to fight cancer. It works by stimulating or modifying the immune system to identify and eliminate cancer cells.
虽然免疫疗法对老年人总体上是安全的,但研究表明,他们可能出现稍多的副作用,且停药时间可能早于年轻患者。这凸显了在接受免疫疗法的老年人身上,密切监测和个性化护理的重要性。
激素敏感性癌症(如乳腺癌)的生长依赖于激素。激素治疗旨在阻断或降低体内的激素水平,从而减缓或阻止癌症的生长。
This treatment can be highly beneficial for older adults, as it is often as effective as chemotherapy but with fewer side effects. However, it's important to note that hormone therapy may not always provide a significant survival advantage in older patients.
虽然治疗方案需要根据个人的健康状况进行调整,且在确定具体的治疗方案前必须综合考虑多种因素,但其潜在益处是显著的。这是因为,对于老年人而言,适当的癌症治疗对于防止癌症扩散、延缓肿瘤生长以及针对已转移的癌细胞进行治疗至关重要。
It's important to recognise that cancer treatment can be beneficial for patients of any age. Additionally, advancements in cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, have demonstrated substantial benefits for older adults.
研究表明,靶向治疗(如免疫疗法和分子靶向药物)能够提高老年癌症患者的生存率和生活质量。这些治疗方案旨在精准打击癌细胞,同时最大限度地减少对健康组织的损伤,从而减轻传统化疗常伴随的副作用。对于老年癌症患者而言,这些是更优的治疗选择,能为他们带来更高的生活质量和更好的整体治疗效果。
It is still important to acknowledge the potential risks and side effects of cancer treatment, particularly in older adults with reduced physiologic reserves. Factors such as coexisting medical conditions, multiple medications, bone marrow changes, and other physical alterations can influence how cancer treatment affects older adults. Additionally, cognitive problems, including difficulties with thinking and memory, may impact treatment decisions. The decision to pursue cancer treatment should be a collaborative process, considering the potential benefits, weighing them against the risks, and taking into account the individual's state of health, goals and preferences.
人们越来越认识到,有必要为老年癌症患者制定适合其年龄的筛查方案、完善治疗策略并改善支持性护理。这些举措将提供全面的癌症护理,在确保最佳治疗效果的同时,维持老年患者的生活质量。
然而,尽管有这些好处,老年人在做出与癌症相关的治疗决策时,仍可能面临一系列心理社会方面的挑战。
These diverse factors highlight the complex interplay between psychosocial factors that can influence geriatric patients' decisions regarding cancer treatment and their willingness to pursue it.
虽然人们的关注点往往集中在老年人身上,尤其是涉及经济困难时,但像“癌症关怀基金”这样的项目所提供的经济援助,也涵盖了所有年龄段在确诊后不久便面临经济困难的癌症患者。该基金主要面向新加坡公民或永久居民,但与新加坡公民或永久居民有密切亲属关系且已在新加坡居住至少五年的非居民也可申请。 受益人必须在确诊后的前六个月内提出申请,且其收入须符合“蓝/橙”社区健康援助计划(CHAS)的规定。
癌症治疗基金还通过为有需要的患者补贴部分癌症治疗费用提供进一步支持。符合资格的患者还包括在重组医院受资助病房接受治疗、且同时符合新加坡癌症协会(SCS)制定的医疗标准和经济状况审查标准的患者。获批的申请人每治疗周期可获得最高100%或6,000新元的治疗补贴,每人累计上限为50,000新元。
当然,预防总比治疗好。虽然癌症可能发生在任何人身上,但无论年龄大小,某些健康的生活方式都能显著降低患病风险。
以下是您可以采取的主动护健康措施:
When it comes to cancer in older adults, consulting doctors in Singapore experienced with treating cancer in older adults, such as OncoCare, is crucial. Our oncology consultants have knowledge of managing cancer in older individuals and can provide personalised evaluation and guidance. If you or your loved one is facing the possibility of chemotherapy, it's important to consider the unique circumstances that come with cancer in older adults. Consulting with a cancer specialist will help you better understand the specific benefits and risks associated with chemotherapy in older adults. By involving healthcare providers and support networks, you can ensure that your decisions are personalised and well-informed.
At OncoCare, we embrace the opportunity to provide personalised cancer care that empowers older adults to thrive during their golden years. Our dedicated team is committed to ensuring that you receive the appropriate treatment while preserving your quality of life. Don't hesitate to reach out to us for compassionate and tailored assistance from our expert cancer specialists. Together, we can navigate the path to a brighter and healthier future.
“专业知识意味着更好的癌症护理”
作者:
彭安琪博士
医学学士(新加坡)
研究生文凭(GRM)
MRCP(英国)
医学硕士(内科)